FAHLEVI THING

a Reza POV

POLITICAL ECONOMY • July 27, 2026

Independence Is a Structure, Not a Signature

Independence Is a Structure, Not a Signature
Image source: Instagram @bloombergbusiness

Every central bank in the world is independent on paper. The interesting question is what happens on the day a president decides that piece of paper is inconvenient.

Turkey: the chair was a door

Turkey answered that question in March 2021. Naci AÄŸbal had been running the central bank for four months and had raised the policy rate to 19% to defend a collapsing lira. He was fired. The lira fell about 13%, and the rate cuts that followed sent it into free fall. The dismissal was not a fit of temper. ErdoÄŸan has argued for years that high interest rates cause inflation rather than cure it, and he acted on that conviction using an institution he could reshape at will. By early 2024, Turkey was appointing its fifth central bank governor in five years.

The bill arrived on schedule. Official inflation peaked at 85.5% in October 2022. Only then did ErdoÄŸan reverse course, install an orthodox economic team after the May 2023 election, and allow the policy rate to climb from 8.5% to 50% by March 2024. That is the part investors should sit with. Rates ended up far higher than they would ever have gone had AÄŸbal simply been left alone. Turkey did not avoid tight money. It postponed tight money and paid interest on the delay. Three years later the repair is real but slow. Annual inflation was 32.1% in June 2026, the policy rate stands at 37%, and the lira touched a record 47.3 per dollar this month. Credibility is cheap to burn and expensive to rebuild.

Argentina: the printing press habit

Argentina's version of the story is older and structurally deeper. The emblematic moment came in January 2010, when President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner ordered the central bank to transfer $6.6 billion in reserves to a fund for servicing foreign debt. Governor Martín Redrado refused, arguing that the constitution assigns debt authorisation to Congress, not the executive. He was removed by decree. A judge suspended the removal because Congress had not been notified as the bank's own charter required. Redrado resigned weeks later anyway. The law worked just well enough to slow the process down, and nowhere near well enough to stop it.

What followed was not a policy error but a fiscal habit: the central bank as the treasury's printing press, decade after decade. Inflation reached 211.4% in 2023 and peaked near 289% in April 2024. The disinflation since then has been genuine and fast, and the mechanism deserves to be named precisely. The central bank stopped financing the deficit, which removed a source of pressure that no interest rate policy could have offset. Monthly inflation fell to 1.9% in June 2026, with the annual rate at 33.5%. Notice what actually fixed it. Not a stronger central bank statute. A balanced budget. The IMF's 2026 Article IV review still lists improvements to the BCRA's governance and mandate as essential unfinished work. Argentina bought disinflation with fiscal austerity because its monetary institution had nothing left to spend.

America: pressure meets structure

Now set the United States against that.

Donald Trump has attacked the Federal Reserve more openly and more persistently than any modern president, and for years the target was Chair Jerome Powell. But Powell was never formally removed. In August 2025 Trump went beyond rhetoric against a different official, moving to remove Governor Lisa Cook over mortgage allegations predating her appointment, the first attempted firing in the central bank's 111-year history. Two lower courts blocked it. On 29 June 2026 the Supreme Court ruled 5 to 4 in Trump v. Cook that Cook may remain in office while her challenge proceeds in the lower courts, rejecting the administration's argument that a for-cause removal is unreviewable. It is worth being precise about what that is and is not: the Court did not settle whether the protections themselves are constitutional. It held that the question is one for courts to answer, and that a governor cannot be removed while the answer is pending. Procedure, not doctrine, is what buys time, and time is what kills a removal. The same day, in Trump v. Slaughter, the Court permitted the removal of an FTC commissioner and overturned the 1935 Humphrey's Executor precedent, 6 to 3. Read the two rulings together, and the message is unambiguous. Presidential power over independent agencies expanded almost everywhere, and was carved out at the Fed, and the different vote counts confirm the carve-out was deliberate, not incidental.

The pressure has not stopped, and it has already produced results through entirely legitimate channels. Trump got his chair. Kevin Warsh, who had publicly called for regime change at the Fed, was confirmed 54 to 45 and took office on 22 May 2026. Then something unremarkable happened. At his first policy meeting in June, with headline inflation running at 4.2%, the committee voted unanimously to hold the federal funds rate at 3.50 to 3.75 percent, and nine of eighteen officials pencilled in a hike before year end. When June inflation cooled to 3.5%, Warsh publicly refused to treat it as mission accomplished. A president who spent eight years demanding lower rates installed his own chair and got a hawkish hold.

That is the whole lesson, and it has very little to do with anyone's personal courage. American independence held because the pressure hit too many surfaces at once. Fourteen year staggered terms that outlast administrations. A twelve member voting committee in which five seats belong to regional presidents the White House does not appoint. Senate confirmation. Federal courts willing to enjoin a removal, and a bond market that reprices the moment credibility is questioned. Turkey had one surface, the governor's chair, and it turned out to be a door. Argentina had a charter that could be overridden by decree while Congress was in recess.

Counting veto points

For investors, the practical takeaway is to stop treating central bank independence as a label and start counting veto points. How many people must agree before policy can be politicised? Have the courts ever actually reversed an executive action against the bank, and can the sovereign fund itself without the central bank's balance sheet? That last question matters most, because a government with a financing problem will eventually make it the central bank's problem.

Institutions do not defend themselves. Structures do.