FAHLEVI THING

a Reza POV

STOCK ANALYSIS • September 6, 2026

The Bank That Came Back: BCA and the Long Road from May 1998

Bank Central Asia (BBCA)
Bank Central Asia: Indonesia's largest listed company by market capitalisation, September 2026.

In the second week of May 1998, Bank Central Asia was, by any conventional reading, finished. Riots swept Jakarta. Branches were attacked and destroyed, ATM networks were knocked out, and depositors did what depositors do when they lose confidence in a bank and a currency at the same time: they queued. A substantial share of the bank's deposit base walked out the door in a matter of days. BCA had been the largest private lender in the country. Within weeks it was a ward of the state, designated a Bank Take Over and placed under the Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency.

The recapitalisation that followed in 1999 left the government holding 92.8 percent of the equity, exchanged against Bank Indonesia's liquidity support, with related-party loans swapped into government bonds. That is the low point worth remembering, because almost everything BCA has become since is a response to it.

The recovery was faster than anyone had a right to expect. By December 1998 third-party funds were back at pre-crisis levels, and assets had risen to Rp67.93 trillion from Rp53.36 trillion a year earlier. A bank that had just been run on ended the year larger than it began. The state then withdrew in stages: an IPO in 2000 divesting 22.5 percent, a secondary offering of 10 percent in 2001, and in 2002 a strategic private placement of 51 percent won by the Mauritius-based FarIndo Investment, the vehicle through which the Hartono family took control. Today PT Dwimuria Investama Andalan holds the majority stake.

What makes the last thirty years interesting is not the rescue but the lesson drawn from it. BCA nearly died on the funding side of the balance sheet, not the lending side. Management rebuilt the franchise accordingly, around payments, transaction banking, and the accumulation of cheap, sticky, granular deposits. Everything else was subordinated to that.

The results are visible in the numbers. As of June 2026, current and savings accounts stood at Rp1,082 trillion, roughly 84.3 percent of total third-party funds of Rp1,284 trillion. That is an extraordinary funding mix by any global standard, and it is the reason BCA has been able to lend safely at low yields and still earn well. Loans crossed Rp1,000 trillion for the first time in the same period, reaching Rp1,036 trillion, with productive lending of Rp802 trillion. Non-performing loans sat at 1.9 percent and loans at risk at 4.9 percent. The bank serves around 44 million customer accounts and clears more than 122 million transactions a day across roughly 1,270 branches and more than 20,000 ATMs.

For the 2025 financial year, BCA earned Rp57.54 trillion on total assets of Rp1,586 trillion. Return on equity was 25.1 percent in the first quarter of 2026, with a cost-to-income ratio of 27.3 percent and capital adequacy of 27.0 percent. As of August 2026 it was the largest listed company on the Indonesia Stock Exchange by market capitalisation, at around Rp790 trillion.

Quality of this kind is rare and worth naming plainly: a deposit franchise competitors cannot replicate, credit discipline sustained across two crises, and a cost base that has stayed lean while the balance sheet expanded many times over. But it would be dishonest to present the current picture as uncomplicated.

Earnings momentum has flattened. First-half 2026 net profit of Rp29.5 trillion was only marginally above the same period a year earlier. Margins have compressed, running below management's own full-year guidance range. The composition of growth explains why: loan expansion is increasingly driven by prime corporate borrowers, whose credit is exceptionally safe but whose spreads are thin and whose bargaining power is considerable, while higher-yielding consumer credit has softened. Balance-sheet growth is no longer converting proportionally into earnings.

The market has noticed. BCA's capitalisation has fallen materially from where it stood at the end of 2025, even as the underlying business has not deteriorated. That is a derating of the multiple rather than a deterioration of the franchise. But derating is what happens when a bank priced for compounding begins to look like a bank priced for safety.

There is a further, less quantifiable overhang. The 2002 divestment has resurfaced periodically in Indonesian public debate, most recently in 2025 and 2026, with claims that the bank was sold too cheaply relative to the state support it received. BCA has disputed the framing, stating that its market value at the time of the placement was around Rp10 trillion and that the Rp60 trillion of government bonds recorded on its balance sheet were fully settled in 2009. Whatever one concludes, political risk attached to ownership legitimacy is a real, if unpriceable, input.

Thirty years on, BCA has converted the worst experience a bank can have, a run, into its most durable competitive advantage. The roughly thirtyfold nominal growth in assets since 1997 flatters the achievement, given the rupiah's depreciation and cumulative inflation over the same period. It has already answered whether it can survive a shock. What remains unanswered is whether an institution optimised so completely for safety can still generate the returns that justify its price.

A disclosure is in order. BBCA sits in my portfolio, and the reasoning is contained in everything written above. I do not believe there is a higher-quality listed business in Indonesia: not on funding structure, not on credit discipline, not on the durability of the franchise across thirty years and two crises. What changed for me is not the assessment of quality but the price attached to it. For most of the last decade, holding shares in BCA meant paying a premium that assumed continued excellence indefinitely. After the derating of the past year, the price no longer demands heroic assumptions. I am not buying an acceleration story. I am buying the best deposit franchise in the country at a valuation that has finally stopped pricing in perfection.

This reflects my personal investment decision and perspective. It is not intended as investment advice or a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold any securities. Investing in the capital market involves significant risks, including the potential loss of capital. Each investor should conduct their own research and make decisions according to their individual risk tolerance and financial circumstances.